Rubber materials

 
Rubber materials used for gaskets are based upon a polymer which is blended with additives to give each formula unique properties. A rubber material tailor-made for a specific end use is seldom appropriate for use in other applications. For technically more advanced products, specially developed materials meet specific requirements
The most important ingredient is the polymer, which may be from 15 to 70% (usually around 50%) by weight of the final mix.
 

A typical formulation is based upon:
Polymer 50%
Fillers 40%
Softener 5%
Activators 2%
Curative 1%
Accelerators 1%
Antioxidant 1%
 

Lifetime
Gradually all rubber materials age. This means they loose their original properties, and makes them unsuitable for further use. The rate of ageing depends on the original quality of the product and the environment. Liquids and chemicals, their concentration and temperature affect the degradation process. Also variation in temperature and pressure influence the performance and lifetime of a rubber product.

Chemical resistance
Each rubber material has its unique resistance towards various chemicals. Polymer and additives are carefully selected to meet different needs and facilitate optimal performance.

High temperature
At high temperatures, the rubber material will be attacked faster by surrounding chemicals and oxygen in the atmosphere. The oxidation process will either make the rubber harder or make it softer, or even a combination of both. Therefore the selected type of rubber material must be resistant to the temperature in the application in order to maintain good performance and meet stated lifetime.

Low temperature
At low temperatures stiffness increases, and elasticity decreases. This change influences the sealing force of the gaskets. All rubber materials have a certain lowest temperature that has to be exceeded to be able to perform well enough as a gasket.

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Rubber farming: Uplifting rural economy

Natural rubber which was foreign to the Nagas has its origin in forest of Brazil on the side of the river Amazon has found its place in Nagaland and has now become a Naga bride. Blessed with fertile soil and with suitable climatic condition, Naga farmers are keenly taking up rubber farming in various capacities in different part of the district.
 
Viewing the feasibility and climatic condition of the district, the department of land resources development Longleng introduced Rubber in the district under IWMP initially with 50,000 rubber stamps covering 100 Ha, with an objective to uplift the rural economy of the people inhabited the district. And also help natural regeneration through rubber plantation in the district.

For the first time Longleng farmers took up rubber cultivation,it needed motivation and intensive training.

To impart first hand information and to train the farmers how to raise rubber stump from primary to secondary nursery, the department of land resources development Longleng had earlier conducted a training cum exposure trip for 25 progressive rubber farmers to rubber farm at Pongitong village under Wokha district from June 8 and 9 which was flagged off by DC Longleng C.K Nihekhu Sema.

The training cum exposure trip gave an opportunity to the farmers of Longleng to interact with the rubber growers of Wokha district in the field; they also had a session with DPO LRD Wokha who is also rubber expert in the field.

According to Longleng district project officer, Menuosietuo Tseikha, the trip was not only an eye opener to the farmers of the district but also gave adequate information of the management and more information on rubber tree, transplantation, budding, nursery management etc.

The crop if taken care properly will be harvested after 7 years which will continue till the plant attained 40 years old. It will not only give economic improvement of the villagers but contribute largely to the global climatic change, in the way of retaining ground water table and control soil erosion as well.

The team was also led to rubber plantation where intercropped was done with the upland Jhum paddy and pineapple fields. Intercropping helps the farmers to get additional benefit while doing weeding for other plants rubber plant can also be taken care.

Rubber which has maximum usage in automobile and other domestic industry has greater demand with every passing year.

Of all the 895 species natural rubber in which the latex is produced, Hervea brasiliensis is the most commercial natural rubber which was introduced to Asia in 1876 by Sir Henry Wickham. It spread to India through Sri Lanka and today India contributes 0.8 MT per annum to the international consumption, where Nagaland also contributes about 0.3% rubber latex of Indian production.

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Rubber Materials

Rubber materials are blends of additives. Each rubber material is unique. In some cases the materials from different suppliers are very similar, and in other cases they are not. The most important ingredient is the POLYMER, which may be from 15 to 70% (usually around 50%) by weight of the rubber material.

A typical formulation may look like:

POLYMER 50%
Fillers 40%
Softener 5%
Activators 2%
Curative 1%
Accelerators 1%
Antioxidant 1%
All additives (type and concentration) affect the properties of the rubber material, thus influencing the final properties of the end product.

A rubber material developed for a certain product is seldom useful in other applications. For technically more advanced products there are always specially developed materials to fulfill the specific demand.

The standard rubber polymer for weather resistance or water/steam resistance is EPDM (Ethylene-Propylene Rubber), while Nitrile rubber (NBR) is the standard rubber polymer for oil resistance.

Some other examples of polymer types are:

Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM)
Acrylic Rubber (ACM)
Polysulphide Rubber (T)
Polyurethane Rubber (AU<EU)
Polynorbornene (PNR)
Polypropylene (PO)
Fluorocarbon Rubber (FKM)
Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)
and a lot more…
The curing/vulcanization of rubber is a chemical reaction, where the curatives will alter the polymer being a high viscous liquid to be a solid, thus giving the material its elasticity.

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The Use of Rubber

Natural rubber is an elastomer (an elastic hydrocarbon polymer) that was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid found in the sap of some plants. The plants would be ‘tapped’, that is, an incision made into the bark of the tree and the latex sap collected and refined into a usable rubber. The purified form of natural rubber is the chemical polyisoprene, which can also be produced synthetically. Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, as is synthetic rubber.
The use of rubber is widespread, ranging from household to industrial products, entering the production stream at the intermediate stage or as final products. Tires and tubes are the largest consumers of rubber. The remaining 44% are taken up by the general rubber goods (GRG) sector, which includes all products except tires and tubes.
Prehistoric uses
The first use of rubber was by the Olmecs, who centuries later passed on the knowledge of natural latex from the Hevea tree in 1600 BC to the ancient Mayans. They boiled the harvested latex to make a ball for sport.
Manufacturing
Other significant uses of rubber are door and window profiles, hoses, belts, matting, flooring and dampeners (antivibration mounts) for the automotive industry in what is known as the “under the bonnet” products. Gloves (medical, household and industrial) and toy balloons are also large consumers of rubber, although the type of rubber used is that of the concentrated latex. Significant tonnage of rubber is used as adhesives in many manufacturing industries and products, although the two most noticeable are the paper and the carpet industries. Rubber is also commonly used to make rubber bands and pencil erasers.
Textile applications
Additionally, rubber produced as a fiber sometimes called elastic, has significant value for use in the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties. For these purposes, manufactured rubber fiber is made as either an extruded round fiber or rectangular fibers that are cut into strips from extruded film. Because of its low dye acceptance, feel and appearance, the rubber fiber is either covered by yarn of another fiber or directly woven with other yarns into the fabric. In the early 1900s, for example, rubber yarns were used in foundation garments. While rubber is still used in textile manufacturing, its low tenacity limits its use in lightweight garments because latex lacks resistance to oxidizing agents and is damaged by aging, sunlight, oil, and perspiration. Seeking a way to address these shortcomings, the textile industry has turned to Neoprene (polymer form of Chloroprene), a type of synthetic rubber as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, spandex (also known as elastane), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability.
Vulcanization
Natural rubber is often vulcanized, a process by which the rubber is heated and sulfur, peroxide or bisphenol are added to improve resilience and elasticity, and to prevent it from perishing. The development of vulcanization is most closely associated with Charles Goodyear in 1839.Carbon black is often used as an additive to rubber to improve its strength, especially in vehicle tires.
Allergic reactions
Some people have a serious latex allergy, and exposure to certain natural rubber latex products such as latex gloves can cause anaphylactic shock. Guayule latex is hypoallergenic and is being researched as a substitute to the allergy-inducing Hevea latexes. Unlike the sappable Hevea tree, these relatively small shrubs must be harvested whole and latex extracted from each cell. Chemical processes may also be employed to reduce the amount of antigenic protein in Hevea latex, resulting in alternative Hevea-based materials such Vytex Natural Rubber Latex that, while not completely hypoallergenic, do provide lessened exposure to latex allergens.

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Kingsun Industry Co., Ltd

Ningbo Kingsun Industry Co., Ltd. is an industry and export company,located in Ningbo, China, which is the fifth biggest deepwater seaportin China mainland, with many sailing lines to arrive at the main seaportsin the world directly.

Specialized in stationery and electronic products,inlcudes Fiberglass Mesh ,High-speed Dental Bearing ,Digital Clock and Calculators .we have perfect experience in professional research & design, and cover all processof production with strict quality control system. We could develop new products by ourselves, and also could design and produce perfectly according to customer’s requirements.

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New Infusion Set

Pump maker Disetronic announced on May 29 that its new Ultraflex Soft infusion set is now available for all insulin-pump users.

The Ultraflex Soft has a reversible connector at the base that “clicks” into place. In addition, it has a cannula that is tapered for easier insertion.

“We built this product from the ground up, using patient input to create the right features,” says John Odegard, marketing manager for Disetronic. “The Ultraflex is different from the Quick-set and Sof-set because the reversible ‘click’ connection system is much easier for persons who are vision impaired or have neuropathy.”

Odegard says the Ultraflex disconnects easily at the base, has a flexible Teflon cannula and doesn’t need an insertion device. It also has a clear window at the top of the infusion set, which makes it “easy to view your insertion site.” Compared with the Sof-set, Odegard says the Ultraflex introducer needle is a smaller 27-gauge.

“The Sof-set has a 26-gauge needle, which extends four mm beyond the cannula,” he says.

The Ultraflex Soft has a 90-degree insertion angle, as well as a soft Teflon cannula, which can flex with the patient’s body tissue.

The universal connection feature is compatible with all insulin pumps on the market. The set come sin two cannula lengths and three tubing lengths to fit all body sizes and types.

Odegard says all infusion sets need to be changed approximately every three days.

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Investment casting

Investment casting is an industrial process based on and also called lost-wax casting, one of the oldest known metal-forming techniques. From 5,000 years ago, when beeswax formed the pattern, to today’s high-technology waxes, refractory materials and specialist alloys, the castings allow the production of components with accuracy, repeatability, versatility and integrity in a variety of metals and high-performance alloys. Lost foam casting is a modern form of investment casting that eliminates certain steps in the process.

The process is generally used for small castings, but has produced complete aircraft door frames,
steel castings of up to 300 kg and aluminium castings of up to 30 kg. It is generally more expensive per unit than die casting or sand casting but with lower equipment cost. It can produce complicated shapes that would be difficult or impossible with die casting, yet like that process, it requires little surface finishing and only minor machining.

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Tobacco Water Pipes: The Unique Smoking Experience

If you like to smoke tobacco and you are sick of the traditional forms of smoking, then you obviously have never smoked out of a tobacco water pipe. A tobacco water pipe has a reservoir that you place water into. The bowl, the object you place the tobacco into, is attached to a stem that is then submerged into the water.

As you light the bowl with the tobacco, you inhale through the hole that is designated for your mouth and the tobacco is then filtered by the water as it flows into your lungs. This makes smoking safer than using a regular tobacco pipe and the experience is much more enjoyable, according to the many people who regularly enjoy smoking from tobacco water pipes.

Hookahs
For centuries, people have smoked from tobacco water pipes but they called these hookahs. Middle Eastern countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey are well known to use hookahs. These tobacco water pipes have long, ornately carved stems from which many hoses emerge. The idea is that when the bowl is lit, several people can enjoy the smoke at once. This makes the hookah a truly unique smoking experience, something enjoyed by several at once rather than being just a solitary activity.

Most hookahs are lavishly decorated and it’s not unusual to see gold and even jewels used in the decorated of the tobacco water pipe. In some countries, it’s seen as odd not to own one and the popularity of hookahs has even encouraged the opening of hookah lounges. These establishments sport several hookahs where customers can come to sample different flavors of tobacco. Sort of like a bar, it’s a bonding experience where many people can come and relax and smoke off the hookah.It is important to clean your tobacco water pipe regularly. If you don’t clean your tobacco water pipe, you could affect the taste of the tobacco you use and it can also hinder your experience in other ways, such as making you sick. Change the water regularly and make sure you use a pipe cleaner on the hoses as well as the stem. Keeping your tobacco water pipe clean is seen as etiquette, especially if other people will be smoking off it.

Tobacco water pipes can be made from different materials. There are glass water pipes, plastic and even metal. The different materials can be cleaned but you must be careful of the cleaning agents you use to prevent damaging your tobacco water pipe. It’s best to just use warm water if you can get away with it as certain chemicals can damage your tobacco water pipe and that would be a shame, especially if you owned a beautiful, elaborate hookah.

Owning a tobacco water pipe is a special thing, as many people can become attached to theirs. Once they smoke from their tobacco water pipe, they would rather not smoke out of anything else. If you like smoking, and you like pipes, get a tobacco water pipe and you’ll likely never stray again.

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Foley Catheter Insertion

What Is It?

A Foley catheter is a thin bendable tube with a balloon on the end. The end of the tube and the balloon are pushed into your bladder to drain urine. While this tube is in the bladder, urine is drained from it right away. You may need this catheter for just a little while or for a long time. How long you need it depends on why you have it.

The bladder is a hollow organ that holds urine. When you are ready to pass urine, it travels through the urethra (a small tube) to an opening in the body. Urine is let out of the body through this opening.
Why do you need it? You may need a catheter because of an infection, or a swollen prostate gland. You may need a catheter because of medicine you are taking. You may need a catheter because of a disease or an injury that is

causing problems in your urinary tract. Catheters may be used because you cannot pass the urine by yourself. After surgery, some people need to have catheters. The catheter is often used to keep track of how much urine a person is passing. When you have a catheter, it is important that you drink enough liquid every day. Ask your caregiver how much liquid you should drink each day.

Inserting a Foley catheter:

You will need to lie on your back covered by a sheet. While wearing sterile gloves, your caregiver will carefully clean the area around your urethra.

A soft tube called a Foley catheter will be gently put into your urethra. The tube will pass through the urethra and into your bladder.

When the tube gets to your bladder, the balloon will be filled with sterile water by your caregiver. The balloon will keep the catheter in your bladder.

The balloon presses against the wall of your bladder. This may make you feel like you need to pass urine. Instead of you passing the urine, it will drain out the catheter and into the urine bag.

To keep the catheter in place, it will be taped to your abdomen (stomach) or leg.Putting in your catheter should take about 10 minutes.

Caring for your Foley or leg drainage bag:

Catheters are designed to be closed drainage systems. This means that the path from the tip of the catheter inserted into the bladder, to the bag which catches urine, is closed. A closed system decreases the chance of getting an infection. It also decreases the chance of the catheter breaking and urine spilling out. People with catheters and their caregivers should avoid detaching parts of the catheter along the closed system unless it is necessary.

Larger, sterile, drainable, 2 liter drainage bags or smaller sterile leg bags are used to collect your urine. To
keep a closed system, these bags are connected directly to the catheter. If you use a leg bag to collect urine, a larger drainage bag may be attached at night with a special connector. A drainage bag should be emptied only when it is full enough that this is needed. Some plastic drainage bags should be changed every 5 to 7 days. Ask your caregiver how often your drainage bag should be changed.

Drainage bags must be kept below the level of the bladder. This will allow gravity to help drain the urine, and will stop urine from flowing back into your bladder. Urine that flows back into your bladder increases your risk of an infection. Do not let the drainage bag rest on or touch the floor. The tubing that goes from your urethra to a leg bag should be secured to your thigh with special tape, a leg strap, or a drain tube stabilizer. Allow extra tubing between the urethra and the point where it is secured to your thigh.
CARE AGREEMENT:

You have the right to help plan your care. To help with this plan, you must learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. You can then discuss treatment options with your caregivers. Work with them to decide what care may be used to treat you. You always have the right to refuse treatment.

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